ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an interstitial state between normal aging and dementia. Objective: In this study, we investigated working memory (WM) profiles of MCI patients using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). We also examined the diagnostic accuracy and possible associated factors as secondary outcomes of the study. Methods: We conducted an electronic search on EMBASE, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. Studies with MCI participants and using CANTAB battery subtests for the assessment of WM were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using the CMA2 software. Results: Out of 1537 records, 14 studies were covered in this systematic review, and 7 of them were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant difference between MCI patients and healthy controls in spatial working memory (SWM) (SDM: 0.535; 95%CI 11-96; p-value=0.014), spatial span (SSP) (SDM: 0.649 95%CI 0.297-0.100; p-value<0.01), and rapid visual information processing (RVP) (SDM: 0.52; 95%CI 0.386-0.654; p-value<0.01). WM function of MCI patients was associated with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau-protein and amyloid-beta (Aβ). Conclusions: WM is an impaired cognitive domain in MCI. CANTAB WM subtests including SSP, SWM, and RVP are accurate enough to be used as a proper assessment tool for the diagnosis of MCI in clinical settings. Tau-protein and Aβ are associated with lower WM scores in MCI patients; however, sex, age, psychiatric disorders, apolipoprotein 4 allele, and functional activity scores cannot affect WM.
RESUMO O comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) é um estado intersticial entre o envelhecimento normal e a demência. Objetivo: Neste estudo, investigamos os perfis de memória de trabalho (MT) de pacientes com CCL usando a bateria automatizada de testes neuropsicológicos de Cambridge (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery - CANTAB). Também examinamos a acurácia diagnóstica e possíveis fatores associados como desfechos secundários do estudo. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica nas bases de dados EMBASE, PubMed e ScienceDirect. Foram incluídos estudos com participantes com CCL e utilizando subtestes da bateria CANTAB para avaliação da MT. A meta-análise foi realizada usando o software CMA2. Resultados: Dos 1.537 registros, esta revisão sistemática abordou 14 estudos, e 7 deles foram incluídos na meta-análise. Houve uma diferença significativa entre pacientes com CCL e controles saudáveis na memória de trabalho espacial (MTE) (DPM: 0,535; IC95% 11-96; valor p=0,014), spatial span (SSP) (SDM: 0,649; IC95% 0,297-0,100; valor p<0,01) e processamento rápido de informação visual (PRV) (DPM: 0,52; IC95% 0,386-0,654; valor p<0,01). A MT de pacientes com CCL foi associada com os níveis de proteína tau e beta-amiloide (Aβ) no líquido cefalorraquidiano (CSF). Conclusões: A MT é um domínio cognitivo prejudicado no CCL. Os subtestes CANTAB WM, incluindo SSP, MTE e PRV, são precisos o suficiente para serem usados como uma ferramenta de avaliação adequada para o diagnóstico de CCL em ambientes clínicos. A proteína Tau e Aβ estão associadas a pontuações de MT mais baixas em pacientes com CCL; entretanto, sexo, idade, transtornos psiquiátricos, alelo da apolipoproteína 4 e escores de atividade funcional não podem afetar a MT.
Subject(s)
HumansABSTRACT
Background: Animal model of multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating and inflammatory disorder of central nervous system and eye. Histological evaluation in eyes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models demonstrated evidence of retinal atrophy and inflammation in late stage of disease. Deciphering the relationships between the retinal atrophy and proliferation on retinal layers may help us in understanding the factors that drive atrophy and proliferation in multiple sclerosis. Aims: The aim of the present study was to determine alterations in thickness of retina and its sub-layers in MS induced mice model in comparison with control group. Study Design: Experimental study. Methodology: EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice using Hooke kits. Animals were scored for clinical signs of the disease according to 10-point EAE scoring system. At 35th day after immunization, mice (n=15/group) were deeply anesthetized and eyes were removed. Morphometric study of proliferation in retinal sub-layers were assessed by Hematoxilen and Eosin staining and expression of Ki67. The proliferating marker was performed by Ki67analyzing kit. All measurement obtained by Motic image analyzer software 2 and analyzed spss 18, respectively. Results: Here we reported that retinal thickness in MS group including total retinal layer, especially photoreceptor layer, ganglion cell layer and neural layer reduced in comparison to control group (p< 0.001). In Ms Group proliferation rate is also decreased in comparison to control group (0.05). Conclusion: Our results show that ki67 expression, as an indication of proliferation, decreased in retinal layers in MS group. Furthermore, our data revealed that retinal thickness also decreased in MS group.